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Cherimoya Pollination



Translated from Spanish, from
http://www.cajarural.com/rurales/3023/pdf/polinizacion.pdf

INTRODUCTION
The expansion of the culture of chirimoyo, outside its probable zone of origin in Andean valleys of South America, been has limited by the difficulties of its polinización. In the pasts twenty-seven years have studied, in the producing zone of Granada and Malaga (Spain), different technical aspects of the natural polinización as well as from manual polinización. This work summarizes the results that we create are of greater interest for the producer of chirimoyos in Mediterranean climate.
The manual polinización has become popular in Spain in last the twelve years. To it they have contributed largely some of the techniques that here summary. Probably, in next the twelve years, we attend to a maintained growth from the plantations HD drastic with trees low and annual prunings. Only the manual poliniza-ción can guarantee, in these conditions, a good mincemeat. More critic is still the manual polinización for the production, still on experimental scale, of fruit in spring.
The paper of the natural polinización in this model of intensive fruitgrowing is not clear. This technique could be probably used to improve the mincemeat of great trees submissive rigorous prunings of reduces little in windy zones. In the bibliography chapter the works are detailed from which information has been obtained. To all its authors we thank for the dedication to the affluent work done. To the producers of chirimoyo we wished success them in the application of these complex techniques. Let us think that they can be a good tool to obtain harvests of high quality with stable supply in one long season.
2, ADVANTAGES And DISADVANTAGES OF The MANUAL POLINIZACIÓN.
In the main producing zone, the coastal strip between Torrox (Malaga) and Motril (Granada) the wind is the main limitante factor of the natural mincemeat. The manual polinización allows the production of harvests adapted in the windy zones. Still in zones with good natural mincemeat, he would be advisable to consider the polinización manual to improve the commercial quality of the fruit, being increased his size and regularizing his form. The advantages that practical one has this are:
1. To guarantee a minimum harvest of fruit every year (10-12 Tm./Ha.), being able to reach 14 Tm/Ha in good conditions of climate and ground.
2. Greater size with better conformation of the fruit and therefore better sale price. 3. The period of maturation in a month can be modified approximately: - Pruning soon and polinizando soon for an early maturation. - Pruning late and polinizando late for a delayed maturation. 4. If the polinización is concentrated the collection also is it, reducing the cost of the collection.
As inconvenient they are possible to be emphasized:
1. The cost of work hand, 210 hours by hectare in low trees conducting the operation from the ground or small stairs. The cost is much greater in great trees.
2. In general, a slightly greater index of seeds is observed (1) in the fruits pollinated by hand proper, probably, al development of the majority of the óvulos. This difference should not be greater 10 percent.
3. FLORAL BIOLOGY. In the coast of Granada and Malaga, the floración takes place general mind from the middle from May in the middle of July, depending on the zone and of the variety. For a specific place and
variety the floración hard generally slightly more than a month. 3.1. Structure of the flower. The flower of the chirimoyo is hermaphrodite. Considers so much organs but culinos (estambres) and female
(pistilos) (Figures 2 and 3). Has three large even talos and carnosos. Although dificilmente appreciable, has besides three small petals among the three large. Also three small know them in a crown under the
petals. Is little gaudy, aromáti ca and hanging. Generally it is produced in wood of a year or more than age, being able to appear solitary or in group of to 8 ó 9 by yema. The estambres and the pistilos are
grouped in a pyramid of three faces. Surrounding the base of the same one is situated the mass of estambres (Figure 3). These they are white in the state female (al principle) and clear cream in the male state
(al final), when are separated freeing the polen (Figure 12). The pistilos are composed of three parts well differentiated: ovario, style and stigma (Figure 5). The style has hairs that facilitate the retention
of the polen. The stigmas are found situated in the upper part of the floral pyramid. In the state female, when the flower is receptive, are covered by a secreción azucarada to which adhere with facility the
grains of polen (Figure 2). The pipe polínico penetrates to the ovario in approaches damente three hours, where fertile the óvulo. Each óvulo fertilized gives rise to a seed. The pyramid of pistilos (Figure 2) has around 150
independent units (Figure 5). Great part of them should be pollinated so that the ovarios grow and the desarro llo of the fruit be perfect. The estambres, in number from 180 to 200 by
flower, are distributed helicoid under the pyramid estigmática (Figure 3). The anteras are composed of two bags polínicos that open in longitudinal sense freeing the polen (Figures 4, 16 and
17). 3.2. Development and opening. Since appears al exterior the yema floral, the flower grows, perma neciendo closes gives during apro ximadamente thirty days. Once it reached its so
great defi nitivo, himself produ ce the cycle of opening in two days, except when the tem peraturas are abnormally low or high (Figures 6 to 12).
The flower is opened in three phases ó states: • State prehembra (Figures 6 and 7). Hard generally since the 8-9.00 h. to the 14-15.00 h. of the pri mer day. The petals begin to be separated for its
extreme, but not by its base. Not opening among the mass exists still estigmática and the outside, although the flower already is receptive. Therefore it can be pollinated if the petals are
separated so that the polen reach the stigmas. Remains therefore in this state some 5-7 hours normally, termi nando around solar noon of the opening day pri mer. • State female (Figures 8 to 11).
In this state the flower is receptive excep to in its last phase (Figure 15). A small opening among the mass exists estigmática and the outside that permits the step of small insects polinizadores.
In the majority of the days this opening is produced around the 13.00 -14.00 hours. Its duration is of apro ximadamente 26-27 hours (Figure 14). In state female the stigmas are recepti vos during
all the Figure 6. Flower in state prehembra. Day 1, 8:45 h period, except in its three last hours (Fi gura 15). • Male State (Figure 12). The step of state female to male co mienza with the quick
opening of the petals. Occurs practically always in the afternoon, from the 16.00 at 18.00 o'clock hours generally, although in warm days extre madamente can advance and in the very fresh delay
itself a little. In this state the natural separation is produced of the estambres and the suel ta of the polen (Figure 17). When flowers are collected that have initiated the opening of petals the
process continues provided that itself almace nen in fresh environment and well aired. 3.3. Cycle of opening of the flowers. The chirimoyo pre sits down a floral mechanism call “protogi nia”.
During the period in which the open flower permane ce, the stigmas only are receptive al principle while the estambres free the polen later, impeding the autopoli nización. In the figure 13 the cycle
of aper tura of the flowers in a plot is shown of the cv. You camp in a month of June. In abcisas the days are indicated. In they ordered the open porcenta je of flowers that pass to male state in
the afternoon of each day. In the first and last part of the period of floración (days 6 to 10 and 17 to 23) the step of flowers to male state alternated totally. A day they passed all the open to
male in the afternoon while al following day it did not do none, remaining all in state female. The cycle broke in the central period of the floración, existing in the afternoon of these days, of the
11 al 16, flowers in both states.
The protoginia combined with the alternation of opening favors the polinización crusade among different trees inside the forest where the chirimoyo grows in wild state. It given that each tree originates of a different seed
its cycles of opening can be different. Two neighboring trees thus can have, in the afternoon of a certain day, flowers one in male state and another female. In many cases the branches of both are entrecruzadas, what
facilitates the work of the insect pollinates dor. This opening alternation mechanism breaks during some days every year. Probably be a matter of a mechanism of segu ridad to guarantee a minimum jelled by autopolinización
when a tree is found remote of other. This it permits to the species the colonization of new territories sadly for the producer of chirimoyos, habitualmen you a single variety by plot is cultivated, what causes difficulties
in the polinización natural. 3.4. Polinización according to cycle of opening. For the polinización manual is essential to keep in mind the cycle of opening of the flowers. As it is shown in the figure 13, in some periods
of the floración a total tuning in the flowers of a tree is presented and even of a plot. Thus, in the afternoon (from 16.00 to 18.00 Figure 13. Flowers opening cycle of chirimoyo. Hours), a day all the open flowers pass
to male state, while al following day all in state female remain (alternation). In other periods of the floración breaks this almost perfect cycle and all the afternoons are observed flowers in male state and female
(solape). This situation in the field should be observed and to adapt her the polinización. When the density of bees is high and the flo rales states alternation is total it is complicated the jelled natural. It is
frequent to find 95 percent of the male flowers without polen neither estambres to last minute of the afternoon, being complicated the activity of the insect polinizador. Because of it, does not seem convenient to have bees
in a plantation of chirimoyos last you the period of floración. In abcisas the hours during three continued days are shown. In they ordered groups of three continued days (6 to 8, 8 to 10, 15 to 17 and 19 to 21 of June).
The night is represented for columns. The signs for prehembra, female and male indicate the state of all the flowers of the tree in each moment. The periods with sly states are indicated with the signs Figures 14. Cycles
of opening in a period without solape of floral states.
In the figure 14 the hours are observed in which the flowers of chirimoyo changed of state in four groups of three days of the month of June. From 13.00 to 15.00 hours the flowers are used to passing from state prehembra to hem bra, and from 16.00 to 18.00 hours of
the following day, of state female to male. For example, for the cycle of the days 8,9 and 10, on the 8 all the flowers were to last minute of the afternoon closed or in state prehem bra, that is to say, only with the tips of the petals separated (Figures 6 and 7).
They passed to state female on the 9, from 1 to 3 of the afternoon (Figures 8 to 11) and to male state from 4 to 6 of the afternoon of on the 10 (Figure 12). This cycle can be advanced slightly when the average temperatures are over 25ºC ó to be delayed when are
lower to 20ºC. When the most maximum temperatures are abnormally high, over 38ºC, the mechanism of opening of the flower that habitually hard some 48 hours shortens to the half. This reduction of the phase female is associate with problems of polinización. It
seems that the most maximum temperatures over 31ºC affect to the quality of the polen of the flowers that open in the following two or three days. Thus they are explained the dificul tades of jelled in areas with winds “terrales” hot and dry last you the period of
floración. 3.5. Jelled according to state of the flower. In the figure 15 the percentage of flowers is shown jelled (axis of ordered) after to be pollinated to different hours of the day (axis of abci be). The flowers were pollinated during the two days that
hard the cycle of opening. The columns with led dark represent the jelled to different hours of the first day of the cycle, when any flower passes to male state in the afternoon. The percentage of jelled is very high last you almost all the day. Only at two
o'clock of the afternoon (*) low the jelled of a significant form owed probably al dry and hot environment. [ (*) In the habitual epoch of polinización, May to July, the official hour is advanced two hours animal pecto to the solar one. Thus, the solar noon (12:00
h) corresponds at two o'clock of the afternoon in official schedule.] The columns with led clear represent the jelled during the second day, when all the flowers pass to male state at five o'clock of the afternoon approximately. The jelled descends to near zero
from the 2 of the afternoon, three hours before, approximately, of the step of the flowers to male state. When, at seven o'clock of the afternoon, flowers in state female were pollinated that were in the first day of the cycle, the jelled was quite good, even with
polen male keeps gave during more than one day. In any case is recommendable not to pollinate in the hours cen trales of the day, of greater temperature, even in the first day of the cycle of opening. 3.6. Receptividad of the flower and environmental conditions.
The studies have been carried out in humid places, “the biggest” (Algarrobo Coast) (Malaga) and the basin of the Green river (Granada). In places more ventosos as the fertile plain of Motril or slopes very exposed has been observed that the stigmas are less humid.
While itself do not they have studies carried out there would be perhaps recommendable not to pollinate since the 12 of the morning at 5 o'clock of the afternoon. It seems that, independently of the polen utilized, the flower poli nizada in the first day of its
cycle of opening produces fruits of greater size that when is pollinated in the second (to the same hour of the day) (Boards 1 and 2. Page 24). In the first day of the cycle is therefore recomen possible, taking advantage of the most long day, to pollinate from 5
to 8.30 of the afternoon, and even from 5 to 9 in the month of June. 4. It COLLECTED OF FLOWERS. The state of opening of the flowers is distinguished easily in field first thing in the morning of the morning. It be compared for it the figures 6 and 7 with the 8.
Flowers will be collected only in state prehembra. With fresh environment in May can be collected flowers prehembra from 9 to 13 hours while when the temperatures rise in June the better hours are from 8 to 11. The election of the period of collected of flowers
is crí tico when exists solape of states. They should not be collected flowers in which not the separation of the extremes of the petals have been initiated therefore, if do not open in the day, can have polen immature. If they are collected very late is difficult
to distinguish the flowers prehembra, that do not open in the day, of the females that are going to pass to male in the afternoon. During the majority of the floración in which is producedAlternation marked of states only will be profitable to collect flowers in alternate days, when the number of flowers in state prehembra be high. In this case can be continued the recogi gives
of flowers to noon since the ones that are in the intial phase of hem bra are able also trillarse and have polen of good quality. In the Figure 16 are observed estambres recently started of a
flower in state female. The bags polínicos are closed and do not free polen, as opposed to what occurs in flowers in male state (Figure 17) or in flowers in state whose female estambres have
left itself orear after its extraction. The estambres change of white color to brown clear al to open.
To compare the behavior of the two types of polen, the extracted mechanically of flowers prehembra ó intial female and the obte nest by vibration of flowers in male state various trials have
been carried out. Both types of pólenes were conserved to different tempera turas during three days (Boards 1 and 2). Figure 16. Estambres recently started of a flower in state female. The
two bags polí nicos, that extend lengthwise along the antera are closed, not sun tando still the polen.



Figure 17. After an hour to approximate mind environment temperature, the bags polí nicos started of flowers
in state pre female or female to bren longitudinalmen you, freeing the polen. It it is produced natu ralmente
in the flowers that pass to male state at 4 o'clock of the afternoon.



5. COMPARISON OF TYPES OF POLEN AND TEMPERATURES OF CONSERVATION. In the Boards 1 and 2 the diameters are shown al bucket of the fru tos, measured approximately a week before the start of the reco gida. This
data is directly correlated with the weight of the fruit in the harvesting.
Table 1. AVERAGE OF DIAMETERS AL BUCKET IN SEPTEMBER (cm 3 /fruit) POLEN MALE (more than the 75% of male flowers)
Table 2. AVERAGE OF DIAMETERS AL BUCKET IN SEPTEMBER (cm 3 /fruit) POLEN PREHEMBRA AND INTIAL FEMALE (less than the 25% of male flowers) As has been verified in the Figure 13 both types of polen are presented in alternate days when
there is not barely solape. The pólenes were kept in refrigerators maintained to different temperatures among 0º and 5-6º C. The behavior of the two types of polen went radically different. With the polen
predominantly male (extracted of flowers in male state, in the second day of their cycle of opening) (Board 1) fruits of good size were obtained how gave applied al following day in the morning (sixteen hours
approaches damente after their extraction). In the second and third day their behaves lie was worse, especially when the polen was conserved to tempe ratura environment (approximately 25º C). Never fruits were
obtained as large as with the polen extracted of flowers in state prehembra ó intial female. With polen extracted predominantly of flowers in state pre female ó intial female (polen female), in the first day of
its cycle of opening, the behavior was the following one (Board 2) : 1º. Sixteen hours after it collected (1 day) were produced large fruits only when the polen was conserved to temperature environment. This it
has been attributed to that, in the experimental works carried out with few flowers recently caught and without drying, the estambres closed intro ducían immediately in the refrigerator and they did not come they
to open in the 18 hours of conservation frigorífica. These results were verified during two years. On the other hand, when these estambres they were conserved to temperatu ra environment the behavior was
excellent. Other experiments with flowers have been carried out prehembra ó intial hem bra simulating commercial conditions. When the estambres have been al air an hour its opening has been complete and the
compor tamiento of its polen satisfactory. 2º. Two and three days after it collected the best behavior was that of the polen conserved in refrigerator. Themselves not temperatures under 2 are recommendedº C for
conservation prolonged. For a preserve ción from 2-3 days the temperature recommended is of 5-7º C, near the minimum of power of a homemade refrigerator. It has been verified that in conditions of field is
possible to extract the polen of flowers in the first day of the cycle for their utilization approximately an hour after the extraction with secadora and trilladora when the most maximum temperatures are over 25º
C. It is probable that the deshidratación with turbine favor the quick opening of the bags polínicos.
Thus it can be collected flowers in state prehembra ó intial female in the morning of the first day of opening, to dry them to noon, trillarlas and to pollinate from the five of the afternoon. When there is solape of this two should be begun
to pollinate from the five of the afternoon if the day is hot or from the six if is fresh. Thus it is avoided to pollinate the flo animal that are going to pass to male state in the same afternoon, since as is observed in the figure 15 they
would not jell. After separating for dried and trillado, the estambres that should be kept during one ó two days, they will be conserved in refrigerator to 5-7º C. To know the temperature of the refrigerator is convenient the utili zación of
a quality maximum minimum thermometer with base of aluminum. Before introducing the estambres in the refrigerator is with veniente to verify with a good magnifier that the majority of them they have opened. The polinización in the first day
of the cycle of opening produces generally fruits of greater size that them pollinated in the segun gave day, as can be verified in the Boards 1 and 2. It is recommended therefore to collect flowers in state prehembra or intial hem bra from 8
to 12 of the morning in the first day of the cycle of aper tura by the best quality of its polen. The application will be carried out the same day in the afternoon ó the following one before the noon, a to two of the afternoon. 6.
PROSECUTION OF THE FLOWERS COLLECTED IN STATE PREHEMBRA OR INTIAL FEMALE. The flowers collected in these states do not free the polen with faci lidad. Has himself experienced therefore a mechanical procedure for the separation of the same
one. • The flowers in plastic bags of netting will be collected well venti sides of 2-3 Kg. of capacity, being stored in plastic trays perforated with a maximum height of 6 cm (Figure 19). It should be should keep in mind that the metabolism
of the flower of the chiri moyo is raised, removing heat and water. Because of it ferment with facility. When the flowers smell of fermented should be eliminated therefore its polen is infertile. • They will dry in a secadora concocted with
trays of netting and a single layer of flowers (Figures 20 and 21). A dried ra of 1.1 m of fund, 0.8 m of wide and 0.8 of high with 4 ban leave has a capacity of 10-12.000 flowers approximate mind. It is preferably to accelerate the dried to
utilize a turbine, conec tando the box with trays al cylinder of absorption of an industrial turbine of 1/2 horse of power and a capacity of 4.500 m 3 of air for hour. It should not be utilized hot air therefore the polen of chirimo I is very
sensitive to the high temperatures. The room should be sombreada and very well aired. The duration of the dried is function of the humidity of the air, of its temperature and of the volume of the turbine. A good one can be obtained drought
gave in three ó four hours. It is very important that the flower have lost a correct percentage of water before the trillado. It can be utilized for it the following rule: The petal should to be able to be doubled so that the tip touch to
the base without break itself (Figure 18). • To separate the estambres will be utilized a trilladora. Originally they were imported trilladoras of Japan. It does already various years that are manufactured in the coast of Granada (Figure
22). After the trilla (Figure 23) the estambres are separated of the remainders of flower with a small sieve of 0.6 mm. of light of netting. • If the flowers dry too much before trillarlas, the estam bres remain hit to the base of the flower
and are therefore inutilizables. If the it dried is not sufficient great quantity of estambres remain hit to the humid pieces of petals and cannot be separated. Figure 19. Bag of netting. Figure 18. Flower dehydrated correctly before the
trillado. The flowers that are in the second day of the cycle of opening pass to male state during the dried. In the trillado themselves pier of the majority of the polen. It is not therefore recommendable to utilize this type of flowers.
As it has been seen in the previous section the cali give of this polen is besides lower al of the flowers collected in the first day of the cycle. Figure 20. Secadora with plastic trays of netting. Subsequent view. Zone of enters gives of
the air. Figure 21. Previous view of the secadora, with turbine extractora. Figure 22. Trilladora. Figure 23. Izda. Cut flowers after the trillado. Dcha. Estambres after the trillado. They should be sifted for netting of 0.6 mm. of light for eli mine the small contaminations. 7. PROGRAM OF WORK. The following program of work is suggested keeping in mind the cycle of two days for the opening of the flowers. Day 1º of the cycle. From 8.00 to 11.00 h. Ó from 9.00 to
13.00 h. . . . . . . . . It collected of flowers in state prehembra. If it it collected of flowers finishes at 11 o'clock h. can be pollinated to the 12- 13 h. with polen conserved in refrigerator since two days before. Of 12-13.00 h. At 5 o'clock of the afternoon. . . . . . . . . Dried and trillado of flowers. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . (Only a person). From 5.00 to 8.30 h. Of the afternoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polinización. Day 2º of the cycle. From 7.00 to 12-13.00 h. . . . . . . . . . . . . Polinización. Times of work. With the program before indicated a
person pollinates each two days during some 8 net hours. In this time can pollinate from 2.500 to 3.500 flowers according to the height of the tree and the open density of flowers. It is considered
that, with a technical adequate one of application, can be pollinated 1.5-2 flowers with the polen extracted of a. Therefore they should be collected from 1.250 to 2.300 flowers each two days.
8. MANAGEMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE ESTAMBRES. The estambres will apply to flowers that be found in the this two prehembra or female (Figures 6 to 11), utilizing for it a peri lla pulverizadora (Figure 24). For its management agrees to keep in mind that: •
The estambres clean should be stored in dry and fresh place. Very it is adapted a homemade refrigerator to 3-5º C. For the management in cars or in field agrees to use a termo with blocks refrigerators. Each two hours of work will be removed the estambres
necessary that they will be kept to the shadow of a tree. Thus it manages to maintain himself the temperature inside the termo under 7º C. • If the environment is humid the estambres agglutinate, block gave the pipe of the perilla of application. To dry
them can be stored in a container closed that contain in its gel crystals fund of sílice. The gel of sílice, al to absorb humidity it veered of dark blue color to rose. It can be recovered indefinite mind heating it in an oven aired to 60-70º C during a
night in a metallic tray extended in a layer of a centimeter of thickness. • The estambres can also be dried before its application, placing them during 2 hours in a layer of 2-3 mm on a wide plastic tray, to the shadow of a tree. The same type of tray and
thickness can be used to dry in the homemade refrigerator, avoiding thus the use of gel of sílice. So that the refrigerator dry better the estambres will owe strain carse in plastic markets all the fruits and vegetables that with have. Several experiences
have been carried out comparing polen humid and dry. Never differences have been observed of jelled for which is recommended to utilize polen dry by being more comfortable of applying. • The perillas pulverizadoras will be filled only in its third part and
never should be exhausted its content, therefore al final of each load the estambres remain with little quantity of polen. They owe, therefore, to be filled frequently, mixing the estambres of the previous load (almost without polen) with the new, very rich
in polen. • While it is pollinated is convenient to maintain the perilla pulveri zadora in vertical position and shaking it slightly after each application for uniformizar its content. • When pollinate, do not pressure with the tubito of the perilla pulveri
zadora the mass estigmática (fund of the flower). It it can give rise to fruits deformed. • Clean well the perilla pulverizadora after each day of work, utilizing for it a dry cloth or well empa even cotton in alcohol. Keeping it open in dry environment and
airs gave. • It Is convenient that the tubito transparent through the one that pass the estambres and the polen (Figure 24) have a maximum length of 6 centimeters, with what is more easy to handle. 9. PRICES. PERFORMANCE. The polinización manual has a
price per hectare, in intensive conditions of plantation in the Costa del Sol, of 210 hours (2) approximate mind. In this type of exploitations the 90% of the polinización itself reali za since the floor.
Although the variable performance, can be reckoned that an ope rario can produce a “jelled” of 60 Kg. of fruit for hour of bond jo, in good conditions, including it collected of flowers (3). The method of the perilla, although quick, utilizes nevertheless A GREAT DEAL of polen by flower pollinated. In commercial conditions comes to utilize the polen of a flower to pollinate another. The improvement of the technique of apli cación implies a notable reduction of the price. Figure 24. Perilla pulverizadora.
(3) Example: Collected of flowers in 1 ora................................................500 flowers. Time of application of the polen of the 500 flowers. ...................2 hours (700 flowers pollinated). Relation 1: 1.5 (polen of two flowers to pollinate three). Total time of work: 3 hours. Percentage of jelled: 65%. N° of fruits jelled: 455 medium Weight reckoned: 400 grams fruit. It harvests reckoned in 3 hours of work: 182 Kg. Production for hour of work: 60 Kg. Keeping in mind the necessary
times for transportation, dried and trillado the performance schedule is esteemed in 50-55 Kgs. The practical adequate one of the polinización manual permits to obtain performances between 13 and 20 Tm Has. In base to it, and given the inverse relation among the number of fruits and the so great middle of the same, the producer of 13 Tm Has. will obtain greater percentage of fruit of better calibrate, with a smaller price of harvesting. Of the preliminary conclusions of the trials to be able that since 1995
are carry out in the Experimental Farm “The Nacla”, is deduced that a be able adequate, in trees with maximum height between 2.5 and 3 m., permits to obtain fruit with pesos media of 400 grams, well distributed and of easy harvesting. The formation and maintenance of this type of trees carries with himself the practice of the polinización manual, therefore in contrary case the performances would not surpass the 4 Tm Has. Traditional plantations in high glass. The traditional plantations in high glass, with
good jelled natural by being in places protected of the wind, have generalmen you great thin quantity of branches of one and two years with less than 0.7 cm of diameter. Is possible to improve the size of the fruit with be able fuer tes and polinización manual. The major problem of the traditional plantations rests in which more than the half of the tree himself is not reached since the floor. Pollinating only the low branches a decrease of its vigor in two years is produced approximately, what is very
damaging for the equilibrium of the tree and the size of the fruit. They are being practiced strong reba jes of these large trees so that they can be reached since a small stair of aluminum of a meter of height. It it would permit to apply be able them strong and the polinización manual to a reasonable cost. After a year of trial the results are promises gild. The prices of labor have enlarged quickly in recent years, being probable that they continue it doing in the next. It is therefore important to
know the costs compared of two forms of management of the plantation: 1. Traditional plantation without polinización manual. Height of the trees 4-5 m. after it be able. • Price to be able. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 h has. (Be able simple of aclareo of branches with axe). • Price of polinización. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 h has. (Himself it is not pollinated by hand). • Price of collected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 h has. (38 Kgs. /hour and 16 Tm/Ha.) Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 h has. 2. Low plantation with polinización manual. Height of the trees 2-3 m. after it be able. • Price to be able. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 h has. (Be able detailed with scissors). • Price of polinización. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 h has. • Price of collected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 h has. (74 Kgs. /hour and 14 Tm Has.) TOTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 h has. In none of the two systems the price is included of collected or triturado of the branches to be able. The price of sale per kilogram is approximately
the double one for fruit pollinated by hand in small trees podados strongly. With identical prices of labor therefore greater economic benefit in the low plantation is obtained
although its crop be somewhat lower.
10. You ASK AM BRE POLINIZACIÓN MANUAL. • ¿Enlarges the number of seeds by fruit with the polinización manual? There are two reasons so that aumente slightly the índi ce of seeds of the fruits
pollinated by hand: 1. The fruits pollinated partially (Figure 1) tie nen a somewhat lower index of seeds al of the poli nizados totally. The majority of the fruits of polinización natural well have not
been pollinated, what low its index of semi llas approximately 20 percent. 2. Frequently they are pollinated by hand an excessive number of flowers, especially in the low branches of the tree, for which
the number of fruits is excessive. The tree is incapable to swell them adequate, its index of seeds is high and its commercial value under. • ¿How fruits are obtained pollinated by hand with under index
of seeds? The first operation to modify is be able it. The tree should is lowered to a maximum height of three meters so that all the branches be accessible with a small stair of aluminum of three legs
ó with a platform with wheel of a meter of height (Figure 25). Figure 25. 30-year-old Tree lowers to 3 meters of height. Be able it of winter should be rigorous, eliminating all the ramillas thin and
leaving the fruitful branches well spaces give. The polinización manual permits to eliminate many more branches in it be able, therefore can be assured the jelled in which remain. Without polinización
manual a be able rigorous would be peli grosa, since, almost with total security, would diminish the crop to less than the half. • ¿It Is possible, in large trees, to pollinate only the low branches?
The experience in field indicates clearly that themselves not fruits by branch of the normal thing can be charged more. When thus its size has done himself has diminished, enlarging the index of seeds.
With it the discredit of the technique has been caused of the polinización manual. The most energetic branches, that produce larger fruits, are in its majority situated in the high part of the tree.
Because of it is essential the low formation of the trees. • ¿It Influences the position of the flower in the branch in the size of the fruit? We believe that the fruit situated in the lower part of the
branch, where this is more gross, is of greater size, although itself there is not defendant lizado a concrete experimentation. • ¿Cuántas flowers should be pollinated for tree? Supposing a percentage
of jelled 65 percent, the commercial production, including the jelled natural, can be of 14-15 Tm Has. Thus, to reference way and keeping in mind the density of plantation, the number of flowers to poli
nizar by tree is the following one: plantation Density plantation Framework Nº of flowers to pollinate for tree 7 x 7 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 trees has. . . . . . . . . 215 7 x
4 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 trees has. . . . . . . . . 125 6 x 4 m. . . . . . . . .
. . . . 416 trees has. . . . . . . . . 105 5 x 4 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 trees has. . . . . . . . . . 90 This recommendation supposes that be able it applied is rigorous and that the natural crop is very low, of approximately 3 Tm Has. In zones as the Valley of the Green
river, where the jelled natural is good, should be pollinated less flowers by tree. It should not be forgot that an excess of jelled causes a high small crop of fruits, with high index of seeds and therefore of low
commercial quality. 11. OTHER PRACTICAL COUNSELS. • Do Not collect sick, yellow flowers of trees, etc., therefore is probable that its polen be of bad quality. • To carry a control of the total number of flowers
pollinated by tree, indicate on the same storey with a rotulador them pollinated daily. • ¿How can it be controlled the jelled along the period of polinización? The flower pollinated remains a week without its ovario grow
in a way clear. After 8-9 days the fruit begins to grow showing green zones among the remainders of the dry stigmas. Only after this moment can be known if the jelled has been or not correct in a certain date. Frequently
the farmer considers that the flowers that have remained in the tree 4-5 days well have been pollinated, what is not correct.
A good form to control the jelled is: - to Select 5 large trees ó 10 small by plot uni form. If a farm has fertile plain it calms and slope ventosa herself selec cionarán 5 trees in each zone, therefore it is probable that the cua jado be better in the
fertile plain. - To Pollinate 3-5 flowers by tree (small or large) each day of work. The flower can be marked with a label holds to the branch, indicating the date (4). - To facilitate the subsequent control agrees to mark the labels of each day in a
different way, with lines, reels, propellers, etc. Also they can be used different colors. The locating is facilitated if the five flowers pollinated a same day are in the same quadrant of the tree. When a label herself there is buy bado it can be
doubled in half to avoid confusions. • Do Not employ herbicides during the period of floración. • Carry out the polinización since the floor or since a small stair of three legs and a meter of height. It is convenient to promote the low growth of
branches to pollinate the majority of the tree. The performance of the work of polinización low a great deal when is pollinated mounted in the branches. • The weather conditions can influence negatively in the quality of the polen ó in the receptividad of
the flower. Are because of it recommendable between 4 and 6 returns of polinización by tree. If the jelled is very good three returns are sufficient. • Distribute their farm in several parts so that themselves do not they interfere the polinización and
the harvesting of flowers, that is to say, to avoid the harvesting of flowers pollinated the previous day or to pollinate flo animal two times (to see enclosed plan).
Possible division of the farm in plots: (-chart-)

12. POLINIZACIÓN NATURAL. 12.1. The insects polinizadores. As it has been indicated previously, the flower of the chirimoyo presen ta the phenomenon of the dicogamia. It has been verified that it is not possible that a flower be pollinated to itself same, since when
loose the polen in the afternoon, the stigmas no longer are receptive (Figure 15). The polen of chirimoyo is quite large, agglutinates easily, is pegajoso and themselves is not transported well with the wind. The flower of the chirimoyo is péndula and presents a small
opening when is found in state female, what selects to the possible polinizadores by the size and does very improbable the drag for the wind to the stigmas. Even utilizing a vibrador in the male state of the flower itself are not placed gra us of polen in the stigmas. It
is able, therefore, to be concluded that the polini zación anemófila (by the wind) is extremely improbable in chirimoyo. In places protected of the wind, so much in plants of corn as in flowers of chirimoyo important populations are found of various himenópteros of the
kind Orius (Heterodera, Anthocoridae) (Figures 26 and 27). Several species of this kind are endémicas in the region medi terránea, being fed of small insects chupadores of plants as thrips, pulgones and ácaros, especially in the flowers. Because of it they are utilized
in the biological control of some of these you plague in culti vos protected. Figure 26. Insect polinizador with grains of polen. Figure 27. Orius and thrips in flower of chirimoyo. This insect, of some 3 mm of length, can be displaced to últi ma hour of the afternoon
transporting to 200 grains of polen since a flower in male state to another nearby one, that be found in state hem bra. The displacement is carried out almost always walking of a flower to another. Only it seems to fly when is felt threatened. Al to fly loses almost all
the grains of polen that transports. The adults of Orius remain habitually less than one hour inside a flower. It is therefore possible that a single adult pollinate more than one flower in a day. In zones of good jelled natural, with little wind, is frequent to find at
3 o'clock of the afternoon between 20 and 40 Orius adult when the interior of 100 flowers is observed of chirimoyo. Proper, tests blemente, to the high temperatures the Orius seeks refuge in the flower at this time, being registered greater densities that to more fresh
hours. The bees are not an agent polinizador due to that: • The visits are produced after the step of the flowers to male state to be carried the polen, once the stigmas have left to be receptive. When the flower is found in this gave female the small opening among the
petals does not permit the entrance of bees. They are neither felt attracted to the flower in this state. • The net effect of the visit of bees would be able to be even negati see, therefore hinders the activity of the insects polinizadores. • In other countries
(Israel, Australia, Chile) has been verified that the main polinizadores are coleópteros of the family of the nitidúlidos. In the Coast of Granada and Malaga very low populations have been observed of coleópteros in the flowers of the chirimo I, for which have been ruleed
out as possible polinizadores. 12.2. The corn as source of Orius and its behavior. There is high densities of Orius in flowers of corn cultivated in zones not ventosas. In the figure 29 can be observed the number of Orius by blow of corn (2-3 plants) along the period
of floración. Them give sidades they were very high in the fertile plain of Almuñécar, average in “the biggest” (Algarrobo Coast) and very low in zones ventosas of Motril. The following points of the relation corn Orius deserve to be keep in mind: • The corn has a great
mass estigmática with secreciones rich in sugars and amino acids. • They are observed also Orius in the insertion of the leaf with the stem, place where accumulates the polen, of which is fed. • The Orius is fed also of thrips that are found in great number in the corn,
above all in the mass estigmática. • The places where are found (insertion of leaves with the stem, mass estigmática and estambres) offer also protec ción front al attack of predators and al wind. • Keeping in mind the densities of Orius in the corn (Figure 29) and the
density of plantation (18 plants by square meter) is clear its potential as cultivation to intersperse, mejorador of the jelled of the chirimoyo. They have been carried out variousStudies (Figure 28) to enlarge the population of Orius and with it the jelled natural. In “the biggest” they have been compared in various corn varieties years to know which harbor greater Figure 28. Plantation to intersperse of corn in a plantation of chirimoyo. ഊ45 quantity of Orius. Himself thus it can recommend in each moment it vary give commercial
more adequate. At present is Lina, of the business Batlle INC. A good variety should harbor as a minimum 5 adults and many more ninfas by plant. In a trial (Figure 30) the percentage of flowers of chirimoyo with Orius enlarged spectacularly after the end of the floración of
the corn. The medium number of grains of polen in the stigmas of chirimoyo itself tri plicó in this same period. It went thus in spite of the fact that the period 22 to 30 of June coincides with the full one floración and the most maximum open number of flowers. The number of
ninfas is practically constant therefore cannot fly and its displacements walking are slower. With it itself demues tra that the adults carry out put of eggs in the chirimoyo before the floración. For the plantation to intersperse of corn is criticism the definition of the
optimum date of sows in each zone of cultivation, therefore the full flora ción of the chirimoyo should coincide in order to the floración of the corn. In this way the Orius passes directly from a species to another. Figure 29. Number of Orius by blow of corn in different
In early zones in slope can be sown the corn to predominate ros of February. In cold areas of the fertile plain can be done some two sema nas later, in the middle of February. The corn will flourish to first of June in early zones and to the middle in the late. Although the siem bra have
been carried out in adequate period almost will always be necessary to eliminate the last cobs of corn with receptive stigmas al acer carse the full one floración of the chirimoyo. Of not doing it the Orius remain in them instead of passing to the flowers of chirimoyo. The increase of crop
with corn to intersperse can be notable in zones little ventosas of the coast of precocidad average or late, as Valleys of the Rivers Guadalfeo, Green, Jate and Vélez. In contrast low indices have been observed of Orius in flowers of chirimoyo in the most exposed zones al wind, as the
coastal zone of Motril or in narrow terraces of any point of the coast. When the wind is strong and almost continuous, the Orius does not abandon the dense one and protected plantation of corn to pass al chirimoyo, that is more exposed. Figure 30. Percentage of flowers of chirimoyo with
Orius when the cobs of the corn with receptive stigmas are eliminated. ഊEn the same plot of “the biggest”, during eight years, the effect of the plantation has been practiced to intersperse of corn, planting it or not in periods of two consecutive years, in order to eliminating the efec
to of the alternation. The crops of four years without corn with those of have been compared four with corn. The crops have enlarged among a 70 and 90 percent. A copy of Orius can place between 50 and 200 grains of polen in the stigmas of chirimoyo if the flowers are very nearby. When the
distance surpasses the 30-40 cm is lost great quantity of the polen that transport, by contact with the hairs of the leaves that the Orius reco rre. Also the expensive outside of the petals is vellosa and causes pérdi give important of polen. A high floral density, in our conditions,
improvement the for ductividad with polinización natural for two roads: • A greater number of flowers by meter implies a greater potential produc tividad. • A smaller distance among flowers facilitates the transfer of pólen, me jorando the jelled. The utilization of corn to intersperse
requires the execution of be able smooth to guarantee a high number of flowers by tree and thus greater posibilida of of jelled. The movement of the insect is influenced by the temperature environment. Thus, in the central hours of the day, of more heat, the Orius moves less than in the
fresh hours of the morning and late, when changes of flower each 10-70 minutes. 12.3. Plantation of corn. 47 The plantation of corn in one of each three streets is sufficient probable mind to obtain a good population of Orius in all the chirimoyos. They can be sown three or four
caballones by streetഊplantada. In each caballón 5 blows by meter are sown, with 3 semi llas by blow. After it it sows can be applied the herbicide of preemer gencia Primextra (Metalacloro 30% + Atrazina 19%) (Novartis) to the dose of 0.3 cc m 2, being placed immediately an empajado of
PE transparent of 120 gauges to assure the germination and subsequent development, therefore in February the floors are very cold. Before the siem bra is convenient to dampen the seeds. For it they submerge in water during several hours, keeping them humid in a hot room during 24 hours.
13. COMPARISON OF THE POLINIZACIÓN NATURAL AND MANUAL. For a correct comparison among the two procedures should be should keep in mind the following aspects: 1º The polinización natural by means of plantation to intersperse of corn with Orius has a total price that is approximately the half
that that of the polinización manual. Polinización manual. . . . . 210 hours has x 900 Ptas Hour = 189.000 Ptas Has. Polinización with corn. . . 90.000 Ptas Has. (It includes starter and elimination of plastic) 2º In places protected of the wind does not seem to have differentiates
significant of crop among the two systems. In places very exposed al wind the plantation to intersperse with corn is a great deal less effective than the polinización manual. 3º The commercial value of the fruit obtained with polinización manual is greater due to its greater size and to its
better form. 4º For it should not be jelled by hand an excessive number of fruits by tree. When thus it is done fruits are obtained wellThey formed, of so great middle, but with a very high index of seeds. This it can affect negatively the long-term consumer confidence. 48 The increase of the index of seeds is produced also with the sis fear traditional of
cultivation, when an excess is produced of jelled natural, associate habitually to the application of a be able smooth excessive mind. 5º The polinización manual permits to apply be able very severe, what diminishes the number of
flowers by tree and improvement the growth of the fru tos. If these be able so severe they applied to trees pollinated natural mind with corn the crop would diminish, therefore the Orius precise of a high floral density to be cash.
The polinización manual permits the obtaining of fruits with an equal index of seeds ó even lower al of the methods tradiciona them, provided that it be able be severe and the number of fruits jelled by plant be maintained inside a
reasonable level. Always, with méto two traditional ó with the polinización manual, the fruticultor go him gir among quantity and quality. A greater number of fruits involves a light increase of the performance at the expense of
fruits of smaller size and greater index of seeds. This principle probably can be applied to any another species frutal. All in all, while the market continue granting a very important cousin al so great of the fruit and to the
form, the polinización manual will be more profitable than the natural one, above all in small trees. 49
14.

Footnotes
(1) index of seeds is the number of seeds by each 100 grams of weight of the fruit. Thus, a fruit of 500 gr. with 50 seeds has an index of 10 = (50 seeds x 100).
500 grams
(2) It it supposes an operative per hectare during a month, normal period of floración.
(4) cheap Labels of cardboard with cord can be acquired in paperwork.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA • Asensio López, J. (1991). Study on the polinización of the chirimoyo. E.U.I.T.A. Cortijo of Room. Seville. • Farré, J M., Beautiful, J M., González, Mª Angels (1976). Trials on polinización, jelled and growth of the fruit in chirimoya. Anal of the I.N.I.A. Series: Vegetable Production nº 6: 63-92. • Farré, J M., Soria, J T. and Beautiful J M. (1988). Floral biology and polini zación of the chirimoyo (Annona cherimola Mill.) III Congress of the Spanish Company of Sciences Hortícolas. Tenerife (Spain) • Farré, J M., Beautiful J M., Guirado, E., Garcia Wall, J. (1999). Technical of cultivation of the
chirimoyo in Spain. Procedings of the First International Symposium on cherimoya. Loja (Equator). Minutes Horticulturae 497: 91-103. • Garcia of the Corral, F. (1989). Polinización natural and artificial of the chiri moyo. Study of the quality of polen and of the receptividad of the flower. E.U.I.T.A. Cortijo of Room. Seville. • Garcia Wall, J. and Farré, J M. (1998). Be able of fructificación in chirimo I. V Andalusian Days of Tropical Fruits. Motril (Granada). Congresses and Days 47/98. Department of Agriculture and Fishing. pp 63- 68. • Gazit, S., I. Galon and H. Podoler (1982). The mention of Nitidulid
beetles in natural pollination of cherimoya in Israel. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107: 849-852. • Gómez Cazorla, M. (1991). Influence of the plantation to intersperse of corn (Zea mays L.) E.U.I.T.A. Cortijo of Room. Seville. • González Estébanez, J TO. (1989). Studies on the polinización natural of the chirimoyo. E.U.I.T.A. Cortijo of Room. Seville. • Guirado Sánchez, E. (1988). Chirimoyo. Comparison of methods of polinización artificial. Analysis of components of the fruit. Effect of the acid one giberélico in the development of the
fruit. E.U.I.T.A. The Rábida. Huelva. ഊ• Guirado, E. (1991). Polinización artificial of the chirimoyo. Technical cabinet. Rural box of Granada. pp 13. • Guirado, E., Beautiful, J M., Garcia Wall, J., Farré, J M. (1999). The chi rimoyo in Spain. History. Commercial production. Technical of cultivation. Investigation in
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(6) 218-223. • Beautiful, J M., Pérez of Oteyza, Mª Angels, Farré, J M. (1997). Studies on polinización of chirimoyo (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Spain. Memories of the International Congress of Anonáceas: 43-55. Chapingo. (Mexico). • Dark-haired Dark-haired, J C. (1987). Polinización artificial of the chirimoyo. Conservation
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artificial of the chirimoyo. Fruticultura Professional Nº 35: 15-22. • Soria, J T., Beautiful, J M. and Farré, J M. (1991). Polinización of the chiri moyo. II Days of the Fruits Producers Association Subtropicales. Almuñécar (Granada). pp 11-25. • Soria, J T., Beautiful, J M. and Farré, J M. (1993). Studies on natural pollinates ción of the chirimoyo. Effects of the plantation
to intersperse of corn in different ecological zones. II Iberian Congress of Sciences Hortícolas. Zaragoza (Spain). 9 (1). 147-154. 52 polinizacion in a5 29/11/01 20:27 Page 52

This publication has been elaborate in base to the works carries out two, since 1973, by the Laboratory of
Fruticultura Subtropical of the Experimental Station “the biggest”, that directs and coordinates the Dr. José
María Farré Massip, and in which have also participated the following persons: